Population Growth

Even if it's well explained in the manual, the growth system might need some more informations to fully grasp it.

Where you had your Base Tax, Production and Manpower, you now have Commerce, Production and Agriculture. And you can't click to upgrade them, let's see why.

In every province you have cored, there is a new button on the top-right (where you had the cost to upgrade the province before) : Province Edicts. It's risk-free to click it.

Let's check that Province, "Conduct Province Census" gives you a bunch of stuff, all pretty important, but see those 3 lines with "Growth" in them at the bottom ? That's your Growth (or your complete lack of if you have a (+0) ).

First number is how much it has grown so far, second is how big your first number needs to get before you actually have a new population popping up in that province, third one is how much your first number growth annualy (not monthly). Pretty simple right ? Let's see where the third number comes from : click the "Show Economic Details".

You'll see the same 3 lines, but with some more context now. Food Surplus and Capacity is what you need to have some growth. The bigger the gap between Capacity and what's being used so far, the faster the growth.

Commerce, Production&Agriculture
Last things first :

Agriculture
Is the backbone of everything. you want your province to grow ? You want agriculture !

Agriculture gives you a bit of income, your food, and bodies for your military, but they are the ones that go into Urbanization too, so they don't have much time to go to school. Want to get that gold mine production from 1 to 10 ? Start by growing some crops to feed the future mine managers and engineers.

Urbanization (Commerce and Production)
Is what you want to get : cash, trade, high literacy, EU4 players. Each pop growth in either Commerce or Production takes one pop from Agriculture. Urbanization Capacity increases with higher Agriculture population.

Get growing
You'll need cash, monarch points, manpower and time to get from 1-1-1 to 10-10-30.

Remember the Province Edicts button ? Well, you had other choices below Conduct Province Census, and the one you want to grow your population is Economic Edicts, where the magic happens. Let's see more in the Terrain reform.

For a quick TLDR : Lower monarch points with bigger countries, higher Admin Tech allows you to get higher Capacity
 * Reclaim Wasteland (2k manpower, 50 cash, 80-16 military points) gives 1 agriculture pop (and 2 Agriculture Capacity if agriculture pop is <7), also gives back 1k manpower when completed
 * Improve Drainage (50-16 admin points, 75 cash) gives 3 Agriculture Capacity
 * Improve Sanitation (50-16 admin points, 75 cash) gives 3 Urbanization Capacity